Author's Homepage:   Jonathan Wickert
Chapter 4: Materials and Stresses
"As one of their responsibilities, mechanical engineers design hardware
so that it shouldn't break when being used and so that it can carry the
forces acting on it in a reliable and safe manner. As an example,
consider Boeing's 767 commercial airliner, which weighs up to 350,000
pounds when fully loaded. When the airplane is parked on the ground,
its weight is supported by the landing gear and wheels. During flight,
the aircraft's wings create an upward lift force that exactly balances
the weight. Each wing, therefore, carries a force that is equal to half
of the airplane's weight, which in this case is equivalent to seventy
family-sized automobile sedans. Subjected to the lift force, the wings
bend upward, and if the flight happens to encounter rough weather, the winds
will bend up and down by an additional considerable amount as the plan is
buffeted by turbulence. The fact that an aircraft's wings are subjected to
large forces, that they sag under their self-weight, and that they bend upward
in response to the lift forces were each taken into account by engineers when
the aircraft's materials were selected. The wings are designed to be strong, safe,
and reliable while being no heavier than necessary to meet the design's requirements."